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Vol. 2, No. 2: Winter 1996

The Confederate Battle Flag in American History and Culture

by John M. Coski

“Through more than three dozen photographs, the author reveals the battle flag’s history and its symbolism.”


"The fact of the matter is the emblems of the Confederacy have meaning to Americans even one hundred years after the end of the Civil War. Now, in this time, in 1993, when we see the Confederate symbols hauled out, everybody knows that that means."— Democratic Senator Carol Moseley-Braun of Illinois


The most controversial and ubiquitous of Confederate symbols today, as well as for the last half-century, is the battle flag of the Army of Northern Virginia—a blue St. Andrews cross emblazoned on a field of red.

This article appears as an abstract above, the complete article can be accessed in Project Muse
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